Whispers of Words: The Poetic Weaving of Reader Identity in the Hearts of Iranian EFL Learners

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Literature and Humanities, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Reading comprehension is increasingly understood as a complex construct that requires recognition of Reader Identity (RI), the way students view themselves as readers. This study examines how the notion of reading comprehension has evolved from being viewed as a straightforward skill to a multifaceted construct closely related to RI, which reflects how students perceive themselves as readers. The overall aim of this study was to investigate RI using a mixed methods approach. In this research journey, a total of 284 Iranian EFL students participated in the study and were tested using both a standard questionnaire and an interview. Further analysis yielded eight distinct themes related to RI: Reading Enjoyment, Reading Preferences, Reading Environment, Reading Content, Reading Self-Perception, Reading Challenges, Reading Motivation, and Reading Strategies. No significant gender differences were found; however, there were strong correlations between Reading Efficacy and Reading Enjoyment. Interestingly, the Reading Environment correlated most strongly with Reading Enjoyment.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by the Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages at the University of Mazandaran. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.

Aarnoutse, C., & van Leeuwe, J. (1998). Relation between reading comprehension, vocabulary, reading pleasure, and reading frequency. Educational Research and Evaluation, 4(2), 143-166. https://doi.org/10.1076/edre.4.2.143.6960
Abodeeb-Gentile, T., & Zawilinski, L. (2013). Reader Identity and the Common Core: Agency and identity in leveled reading. Language and Literacy Spectrum, 23, 34-45. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1005284
Afflerbach, P., Pearson, P. D., & Paris, S. G. (2008). Clarifying differences between reading skills and reading strategies. The Reading Teacher, 61(5), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1598/rt.61.5.1
Alvermann, D. E. (2001). Reading adolescents' reading identities: Looking back to see ahead. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(8), 676-690. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018739
Baldwin, A. G., & Nadelson, L. S. (2023). Gaps in college student reader identity: Issues of reading self-determination and reading self-efficacy. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 53(2), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2022.2155728
Bernstein, M. (2014). Three planes of practice: Examining intersections of reading identity and pedagogy. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 13(3), 110-129. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1050178
Berry, D. N., Taylor, M. L., Nicolai, K. D., Koenka, A. C., Barnes, N., de Oliveira, L. C., & Zumbrunn, S. (2025). Reading and writing feedback perceptions among multilingual and monolingual learners across K-20 contexts: A systematic review. Learning and Instruction, 95, 102022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.102022
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (2013). Symbolic capital and social classes. Journal of Classical Sociology, 13(2), 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795x12468736
Bozack, A. (2011). Reading between the lines: Motives, beliefs, and achievement in adolescent boys. The High School Journal, 94(2), 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2011.0001
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brown, R., Desai, S., & Elliott, C. (2019). Identity-conscious supervision in student affairs: Building relationships and transforming systems. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429430664
Çigdemir, S. (2022). Examination of individual and environmental factors affecting reading comprehension with structural equation model. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 239-254. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.17
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.12.1.82.s2
Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amq023
Doty, E. C. (2021). The impact of reading intervention supports on adolescent reader identity University of South Carolina]. https://search.proquest.com/openview/90a40ee5cade1050d8a6f1419e44862d/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Frankel, K. K. (2017). What does it mean to be a reader? Identity and positioning in two high school literacy intervention classes. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 33(6), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2016.1250143
Garrett, J. (2012). The reading experience: How struggling and non-struggling readers differ (Master's thesis). St. John Fisher University. https://fisherpub.sjf.edu/education_ETD_masters/226
Guthrie, J. T., Wigfield, A., & VonSecker, C. (2000). Effects of integrated instruction on motivation and strategy use in reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 331. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.92.2.331
Hall, L. A. (2010). The negative consequences of becoming a good reader: Identity theory as a lens for understanding struggling readers, teachers, and reading instruction. Teachers College Record, 112(7), 1792-1829. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811011200708
Hall, L. A. (2012). The role of reading identities and reading abilities in students’ discussions about texts and comprehension strategies. Journal of Literacy Research, 44(3), 239-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296x12445370
Hall, L. A. (2024). “They will shut you out if they think you can't read”: Navigating diverse models of identity in an eighth-grade classroom. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003271406-11
Higgins, S., Xiao, Z., & Katsipataki, M. (2012). The impact of digital technology on learning: A summary for the Education Endowment Foundation. Education Endowment Foundation. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED612174
Kırca, H. S., & Glover, P. (2021). We are what we read: Reading identity of university students of English language teaching. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24, 1182-1194. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.997589
Kolb, C. L. (2014). Relationships between discourse, reader identity, and reading self-efficacy in a high school English classroom: A mixed-methods, critical ethnographic study (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota. https://search.proquest.com/openview/ef83af9c59d5b87e3d3b116996f381af/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
Li, W., Kang, S., & Shao, Y. (2023). Development of the reading literacy questionnaire for EFL learners at primary schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1154076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154076
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. Longman Pearson Education. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588036
Nureldeen, W. A., Alsabatin, H., Al-Sartawi, A., & Al-Mawadieh, R. S. (2024). EFL learners' attitudes toward reading in both English and Arabic. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.10119
Ripp, P. (2022). Passionate readers: The art of reaching and engaging every child. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315661131
Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.801543
Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting, and self-evaluation. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560308219
Sellers, C. (2019). ‘Fitting in’ and ‘standing out’: The peer group and young people’s development of reader identity. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(7), 938-952. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2019.1622407
Smith, M. M. (2014). The critical nature of reader identity and its relationships with literacy engagement, motivation, and efficacy (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/26210
Software, V. (2019). MAXQDA 2020 In.
Stewart, S. D. (2017). Children shaping reading identities with picture books in a pre-kindergarten classroom (Master's thesis). The Ohio State University. https://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511700081775942
Street, B. V. (1984). Literacy in theory and practice (Vol. 9). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.795442
Sutherland, P., & Crowther, J. (2006). Lifelong learning. New Statesman, 135(4811), 79. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203936207
Tabbi, A. (2021). Reading practices in the shadows: Context, text, and identities Canterbury Christ Church University, United Kingdom]. https://search.proquest.com/openview/56a9d5cc8243bf4a3b4cc87beabe6110/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Thepseenu, B. (2025). EFL students' attitudes toward online extensive reading: Insights from an extensive reading club experience. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15(8), 2628-2638. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1508.20
Troyer, M., Kim, J. S., Hale, E., Wantchekon, K. A., & Armstrong, C. (2019). Relations among intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation, reading amount, and comprehension: A conceptual replication. Reading and Writing, 32, 1197-1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9907-9
Wagner, C. J. (2023). Reading identities across language contexts: The role of language of text and talk for multilingual learners. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 23(2), 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798420981758
Wang, F. Y. (2018). An expert EFL reading teacher’s readers club: Reader identity and teacher professional development. European Journal of Teacher Education, 41(4), 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1416084
Yoğurtçu, K. (2013). The impact of self-efficacy perception on reading comprehension on academic achievement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.075
Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2011). Self-regulated learning and performance: An introduction and an overview. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203839010.ch1
  • Receive Date: 15 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 09 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 23 October 2025
  • First Publish Date: 23 December 2025
  • Publish Date: 23 December 2025